Useful Japanese Adjectives

Useful Japanese Adjectives Here is the list of useful Japanese adjectives and their pronunciations. bigookiiÃ¥ ¤ §Ã£  Ã£ â€ž smallchiisaiÃ¥ ° Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž longnagaié• ·Ã£ â€ž shortmijikaiçŸ ­Ã£ â€ž thick, fatfutoiÃ¥ ¤ ªÃ£ â€ž slender (person)yasetaや㠁›ã Å¸ thinusuièâ€"„㠁„ widehiroiÃ¥ ºÆ'㠁„ narrowsemaiç‹ ­Ã£ â€ž heavyomoié‡ Ã£ â€ž lightkaruiè » ½Ã£ â€ž hightakaié «ËœÃ£ â€ž lowhikuiä ½Å½Ã£ â€ž fasthayai速㠁„ slow, lateosoié â€¦Ã£ â€ž many, muchooiÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã£ â€ž few, littlesukunaiÃ¥ °â€˜Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž hardkatai㠁‹ã Å¸Ã£ â€ž softyawarakaiã‚„ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€ž deepfukaiæ · ±Ã£ â€ž shallowasaiæ µâ€¦Ã£ â€ž beautifulutsukushiiç ¾Å½Ã£ â€"㠁„ uglyminikuié†Å"㠁„ prettykireina㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁„㠁 ª cutekawaii㠁‹ã‚ Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€ž cleanseiketsunaæ ¸â€¦Ã¦ ½â€Ã£  ª dirtykitanaiæ ±Å¡Ã£ â€ž fasthayai速㠁„ slowosoié â€¦Ã£ â€ž strongtsuyoiÃ¥ ¼ ·Ã£ â€ž weakyowaiÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã£ â€ž calmshizukanaé â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ª brightakarui明る㠁„ darkkuraiæšâ€"㠁„ newatarashiiæâ€" °Ã£ â€"㠁„ oldfuruiÃ¥  ¤Ã£ â€ž youngwakaiè‹ ¥Ã£ â€ž hotatsui暑㠁„ coldsamuiÃ¥ ¯â€™Ã£ â€ž far, distanttooié   Ã£ â€ž nearchikaiè ¿â€˜Ã£ â€ž

Creating Behavior Goals for Early Intervention Programs

Creating Behavior Goals for Early Intervention Programs Managing difficult behavior is one of the challenges that makes or breaks effective instruction. Early Intervention Once young children are identified as needing special education services, it is important to begin to work on those learning to learn skills, which importantly, include self regulation. When a child begins an early intervention program, it is not uncommon to find that parents have worked harder to placate their child than to teach them the desired behavior.   At the same time, those children have learned how to manipulate their parents to avoid those things they dont like, or to get the things they do want.    If a child’s behavior impacts his or her ability to perform academically, it requires a Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA) and a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) by law (IDEA of 2004.) It is wise to attempt to identify and modify behavior informally, before you go to the lengths of an FBA and BIP. Avoid accusing parents or whining about behavior: if you gain the cooperation of parents early on you can avoid another IEP team meeting. Behavior Goal Guidelines Once you have established that you will need an FBA and BIP, then it’s time to write IEP Goals for behaviors. Write you goals positively as much as possible. Name the replacement behavior. Instead of writing â€Å"Zachary will not hit his neighbors† write â€Å"Zachary will keep hands and feet to himself.† Measure it through interval observation, noting the percentage of 15 or 30 minutes with hands and feet free behavior.Avoid preachy, values freighted words, especially â€Å"responsible† and â€Å"accountable.† When discussing with the student â€Å"why† feel free to use these words, such as â€Å"Lucy, I’m so happy you’re being responsible for your temper. You used your words instead!!† Or, â€Å"James, you’re 10 now, and I think you’re old enough to be accountable for your own homework.† But goals should read: â€Å"Lucy will tell a teacher or peer when she is angry and count to 10, 80 percent of the day (interval objective.) â€Å" â€Å"James will return completed homework 80% of days, or 4 out of 5 days.à ¢â‚¬ (frequency objective.)There are basically two kinds of objectives as noted above: interval and frequency goals. Interval goals are measured across intervals, and imply an increase of replacement behavior. Frequency goals measure the number of occurrences of a preferred or replacement behavior during a time period. The goal of behavior goals should be to extinguish, or eliminate, undesirable behavior and replace it with appropriate, productive behavior. Focusing on the target behavior may reinforce it and inadvertently make it stronger and more difficult to eliminate.   Focusing on the replacement behavior should help extinguishing the behavior. Anticipate an extinction burst before behavior improves.Problem behavior is not usually the result of reflective, thoughtful choices. It is usually emotional and learned- because it has helped the child get what he or she wanted. That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t talk about it, talk about the replacement behavior and talk about the emotional content of good behavior. It just doesn’t belong in an  IEP. Examples of Behavior Goals When prompted by the teacher or teaching staff, John will line up, keeping hands and feet to himself in 8 of ten opportunities as documented by teacher and staff in three of four consecutive days.  In an instructional setting (when instruction is presented by the teacher) Ronnie will remain in his seat for 80% of one minute intervals over 30 minutes as observed by teacher or teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.  In small group activities and instructional groups Belinda will ask staff and peers for access to supplies (pencils, erasers, crayons) in 4 out of 5 opportunities as observed by teacher and teaching staff in three of four consecutive probes.

Econometrics Asignmnet using E-VIEWS SOFTWARE Essay

Econometrics Asignmnet using E-VIEWS SOFTWARE - Essay Example The company can estimate the sales to be using a regression model. The sales depend on the variables mentioned such as the USA nominal GDP, USA unemployment rate and the PMI index. The report provides a correlation matrix and regression model with the data on the sales being regressed and the output analysed. The correlation matrix shows that the variable for sales is significantly correlated with the USA GDP nominal with a positive Pearson coefficient of .957 (which shows a very strong positive correlation). The other two variables are also correlated with the dependent variable (with PMI index being negatively correlated with the dependent variable while USA unemployment rate having a positive correlation) they are however not significant at 5% significance level. The results from the regression model show that the explanatory variables have a lot of impact on the dependent variable (Sales). The study established that approximately 95.91% of variation in the dependent variable (sal es) is explained by the three explanatory variables (USA nominal GDP, USA unemployment rate and the PMI index) in the model. According to Creswell (2003), regression analysis is a statistical tool that is usually utilized by many researchers to investigate the relationship that exists if any between two or more variables. The aim of the investigation is to find a causal effect relationship. Using the data, the researcher can assess the statistical significance of the relationships that have been estimated. The level of confidence that is to be established is that the estimated relationship is close to the actual relationship. Regression analysis has been in use for many years and it has increasingly been applied in various disciplines (Jankowicz, 2005). This study uses regression analysis to establish the relationship that exists between the actual sales made by 3M Company and the independent variables. Using a regression model, the company will find a viable way of determining its

Advanced Nursing Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advanced Nursing Role - Essay Example The nurse Informaticist role in clinical practice is to design clinical documentation for example nursing outpatient notes which are changed and used to create items like patient problem list. The nurse Informaticist role in primary care is that they expand aid and evaluate applications, processes, tools and structures that assist nurses to handle data in direct care of patients, in nursing education and research (DeNisco & Barker, 2013). A nurse Informaticist should have basic computer knowledge, must be acquitted with common applications, he or she must be able to communicate through electronic means such as email and acknowledgement of privacy and security matters. According to Mirr & Zwygart-Stauffacher, (2010), a nurse Informaticist who works in administration uses staff scheduling application. A nurse Informaticist working with nurse educators their role is to test softwares for them. A nurse informaticist working in public health is in charge of public health databases (p. 242 ). While the nurse educator is responsible for educating other nurses for professionalism in nursing. The nurse educator also teaches doctors and health officials on the significance of proper settings in hospitals and nursing homes to make the health of people better. According to Bastable (2008), Nurse educators as well as nurse practitioner has the role of educating patients, families as well as the public to promote health and take care of the patients (p.5). The other role of a nurse educator is to offer training to nurses in practice through continuing education, in-service schedules and staff growth to maintain and make better their clinical knowledge and teaching capacity (p.7). The nurse educator also performs the role of a clinical instructor to students to help them acquire their expected learning goals. The nurse educator also teaches nursing students to become

Methods of Data Collection Essay Example for Free

Methods of Data Collection Essay Introduction: Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. Data collection methods for impact evaluation vary along a continuum. At the one end of this continuum are quantitative methods and at the other end of the continuum are qualitative methods for data collection. Bakhtadze (2012:82) ‘When you have decided on a topic, refined it and specified objectives, you start considering the ways of collecting the evidence you require. The initial question that guides you is: â€Å"What do I need to know to answer my research problem? Why do I need it?† After you have answered the question you start choosing the best ways of collecting information. Researchers next decide how they are going to collect their empirical research data. That is they decide what method of data collection (test, questionnaires, focus group, observation, interviews) they are going to use to physically obtain research data from their research participants.’ University of Wilconsin (2012)The Quantitative data collection methods, rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments. If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. Typical quantitative data gathering strategies include: * Experiments/clinical trials.   * Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g., counting the number of patients waiting in emergency at specified times of the day). * Obtaining relevant data from management information systems. * Administering surveys with closed-ended questions (e.g., face-to face and telephone interviews, questionnaires etc). Wikipedia (2012) In statistics, survey methodology is the field that studies the sampling of individuals from a population with a view towards making statistical inferences about the population using the sample. Polls about public opinion, such as political beliefs, are reported in the news media in democracies. Other types of survey are used for scientific purposes. Surveys provide important information for all kinds of research fields, e.g., marketing research, psychology, health professionals and sociology. A survey may focus on different topics such as preferences (e.g., for a presidential candidate), behavior (smoking and drinking behavior), or factual information (e.g., income), depending on its purpose. Since survey research is always based on a sample of the population, the success of the research is dependent on the representativeness of the population of concern. Survey methodology seeks to identify principles about the design, collection, processing, and analysis of surveys in connection to the cost and quality of survey estimates. It focuses on improving quality within cost constraints, or alternatively, reducing costs for a fixed level of quality. Survey methodology is both a scientific field and a profession. Part of the task of a survey methodologist is making a large set of decisions about thousands of individual features of a survey in order to improve it. The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decisions on how to: * Identify and select potential sample members. * Contact sampled individuals and collect data from those who are hard to reach (or reluctant to respond). * Evaluate and test questions. * Select the mode for posing questions and collecting responses. * Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved). * Check data files for accuracy and internal consistency. * Adjust survey estimates to correct for identified errors. Advantages * They are relatively easy to administer. * Can be developed in less time compared with other data-collection methods. * Can be cost-effective. * Few experts are required to develop a survey, which may increase the reliability of the survey data. * If conducted remotely, can reduce or obviate geographical dependence. * Useful in describing the characteristics of a large population assuming the sampling is valid. * Can be administered remotely via the Web, mobile devices, mail, e-mail, telephone, etc. * Efficient at collecting information from a large number of respondents. * Statistical techniques can be applied to the survey data to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance even when analyzing multiple variables. * Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. * Support both between and within-subjects study designs. * A wide range of information can be collected (e.g., attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviour). * Because they are standardized, they are relatively free from several types of errors. Disadvantages The reliability of survey data may depend on the following: * Respondents motivation, honesty, memory, and ability to respond: * Respondents may not be motivated to give accurate answers. * Respondents may be motivated to give answers that present themselves in a favorable light. * Respondents may not be fully aware of their reasons for any given action. * Structured surveys, particularly those with closed ended questions, may have low validity when researching affective variables. * Self-selection bias: Although the individuals chosen to participate in surveys are often randomly sampled, errors due to non-response may exist ( Adà ©r et al. (2008:13) . That is, people who choose to respond on the survey may be different from those who do not respond, thus biasing the estimates. For example, polls or surveys that are conducted by calling a random sample of publicly available telephone numbers will not include the responses of people with unlisted telephone numbers, mobile (cell) phone numbers, people who are unable to answer the phone (e.g., because they normally sleep during the time of day the survey is conducted, because they are at work, etc.), people who do not answer calls from unknown or unfamiliar telephone numbers. Likewise, such a survey will include a disproportionate number of respondents who have traditional, land-line telephone service with listed phone numbers, and people who stay home much of the day and are much more likely to be available to participate in the survey (e.g., people who are unemployed, disabled, elderly, etc.). * Question design. Survey question answer-choices could lead to vague data sets because at times they are relative only to a personal abstract notion concerning strength of choice. For instance the choice moderately agree may mean different things to different subjects, and to anyone interpreting the data for correlation. Even yes or no answers are problematic because subjects may for instance put no if the choice only once is not available. Questionnaires Wikipedia (2012)A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical. As a type of survey, questionnaires also have many of the same problems relating to question construction and wording that exist in other types of opini on polls. Basic rules for questionnaire item construction * Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members of different subpopulations of the population of interest. * Use statements where persons that have different opinions or traits will give different answers. * Think of having an open answer category after a list of possible answers. * Use only one aspect of the construct you are interested in per item. * Use positive statements and avoid negatives or double negatives. * Do not make assumptions about the respondent. * Use clear and comprehensible wording, easily understandable for all educational levels * Use correct spelling, grammar and punctuation. * Avoid items that contain more than one question per item (e.g. Do you like strawberries and potatoes?). Questionnaire administration modes Main modes of questionnaire administration are: * Face-to-face questionnaire administration, where an interviewer presents the items orally. * Paper-and-pencil questionnaire administration, where the items are presented on paper. * Computerized questionnaire administration, where the items are presented on the computer. * Adaptive computerized questionnaire administration, where a selection of items is presented on the computer, and based on the answers on those items, the computer selects following items optimized for the ‘testees ‘estimated ability or trait. -Wikipedia. Org Observational study In epidemiology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group before the start of the treatment. Wikipedia (2012)Although, observational studies cannot be used as reliable sources to make statements of fact about the safety, efficacy, or effectiveness of a practice, they can still be of use for some other things: [T]hey can: 1) provide information on â€Å"real world† use and practice; 2) detect signals about the benefits and risks of[the] use [of practices] in the general population; 3) help formulate hypotheses to be tested in subsequent experiments; 4) provide part of the community-level data needed to design more informative pragmatic clinical trials; and 5) inform clinical practice.’ Bakhtadze (107:2012) Observation is watching behavioral patterns of people in certain situations to obtain information about the phenomenon of interest. Quantitative Observation: Quantitative Observation involves the standardization of all observational procedures in order to obtain reliable research data. Qualitative Observation: Qualitative Observation involves observing all relevant phenomena and taking extensive field notes without specifying in advance exactly what is observed. Focus Groups Bakhtadze (106:2012) A focus group is a type of group interview in which a group moderator (working for the researcher) leads a discussion with a small group of individuals to examine how the group members think and feel about the topic. Purposes of Focus groups: 1. Obtaining general background information about a topic of interest; 2. Stimulating new ideas and creating concepts; 3. Generating impressions of products, programs, services, etc. 4. Learning how respondents talk about the phenomenon of interest; 5. Interpreting previously obtained qualitative results Summary A method of data collection is the procedure that a researcher uses to physically obtain research data from research participants. The method of data collection that is used in a research study is discussed in the method section of a research report. . Finally, the methods of data collection discussed in this paper work can be mixed by using the fundamental principle of mixed research to strengthen the evidence provided by a research study. References: Adà ¨r, H. J., Mellenbergh, G. J., Hand, D. J. (2008). Advising on research methods: A consultants companion. Huizen, The Netherlands: Johannes van Kessel Publishing. Bakhtadze, I., 2012.Course note on Research Methodology, Department of Education, International Black Sea University, Tbilisi-Georgia. World Bank, n.d: Data Collection Methods, 2012 viewed 28th of December 2012 http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/impact/methods/datacoll.htm University of Wilconsin, n.d., Data Collection Methods, viewed 28th of December 2012 http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/researchmethods/data%20collection%20methods/data%20collection%20methods.htm Wikipedia, 2012, Questionnaire, viewed 28th 0f December 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire Wikipedia, 2012, Survey Methodology, viewed 28th 0f December 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_survey Wikipedia, 2012, Observational Study, viewed 28th 0f December 2012 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study

the wars - chapter 5 :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert leaves from London to Waterloo where he rides by train and reaches a town called Magdalene Wood. It is here when he realizes that he has been separated with his bag. Robert is now left without rations, clean clothing, and his gun. Magdalene Wood lies about 12 miles from Bailleul. Robert decides he wants to make it before sunrise so he must walk the remainder of the way. Soon Robert joined two horsemen and rode the remainder of the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Robert reaches Bailleul and stays the first night in a hotel, he immediately passes out in his room. He wakes once wondering what time it is the remembers the watch Barbara bought him. Although it is 1:30 Robert falls back asleep. He then wakes up later wondering if he has slept through an entire day; he gets up showers and makes way for Desole, this is a housing facility for the mentally ill as well as soldiers. While taking a shower the nurses and other inmates leave the room and turn off the light. Robert senses he is not alone, and asks â€Å"who’s there?† nobody replies, but he hears the sound of someone breathing. He is then approached by what seems like four men and is raped. Before the rapists leave Robert hears them say not to take any money or that will give their identities away, revealing to Robert that it was soldiers who committed the act. Soon after this incident Poole appears while passing through and much to Roberts surprise gives him his kit bag containing Roberts clothing, gun, and a picture of Rowena which he burns as an act of charity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert returns to the front on an ammunition convoy towards Wytsbrouk. He encounters some shelling but his life is spared. On the seventh day since returning from the front Robert is with Captain Leather and thirty horses and mules. When the German’s begin to bomb their location Robert asks Leather if he can release the animals in order to save them, but Leather was in a panic under a table and refused. However, Robert convinces Devlin to open the gate to release the animals. When Leather witnesses what Devlin is doing he fires and shoots Devlin in the head. Shells begin to land in the barns and as Roberts attempts to kill the wounded animals he thinks that if Leather was an animal he was be deemed mad and be shot.

The effect of motivation on behavior

In everyday conversation, the question â€Å"What motivated you to do that?† is a way of asking, â€Å"What caused your behavior?   Why did you act that way?†Ã‚   To psychologists, a motivation is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal.   Psychologists consider motivation as a hypothetical concept.   Hence, they infer motivation from behaviors observe.But in a broader sense, motivation pertains to the purpose for responding.   The term comes from the Latin verb movere, which means, â€Å"to move,† and it is what causes movement (behavior) that concerns this paper.   The idea of movement is reflected in such commonsense ideas about motivation as something that gets us going, keep us moving, and helps us get jobs done.   Conversely, a person is not motivated when s/he cannot seem to get out of bed or off the sofa (Pintrich, 2001).Despite these commonly held ideas, definitions of motivation are numerous and varie d, and there is much disagreement over the precise nature of motivation.   Motivation has been conceived of in such varied terms as involving inner forces, enduring traits, behavioral responses tom stimuli, and sets of beliefs and affects (Schunk, D.H. 2003).Although motivation has many facets, psychologists have been especially concerned with those influences that energize and direct responses.   Simply stated, motivation determines how strong a behavior will be and the form it will take.   Moreover, much of what is known about motivational processes comes from research on how people respond to the difficulties, problems, failures, and setbacks encountered as individuals pursue goals over time.  Ã‚   Various theories contend that motivation underlies much human behavior (Weiner, 2005).Psychologists have different theoretical perspectives on motivation.   At present, there are four motivational strategies that are influential on how psychologists have understood  motivat ion, namely, flow theory, stress and coping theory, and intrinsic and extrinsic theory.Flow theoryCsikszentmihalyi (2005) studied individuals who engaged in intrinsically motivating activities and found that their experiences reflected complete involvement with the activities. This involvement, is known as the flow theory, and is defined as â€Å"the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total involvement† (Csikszentmihalyi, 2005).According to Csikszentmihalyi, the flow is very much related to other human motives and has shown that the dimensions in this two-by-two classification are closed-versus open-system goals and intra- versus interindividual processes.   Closed goals are those that determined by genetics (needs, hunger, thirst, safety, optimal activation) or socialization; open goals develop as a result of experience and cannot be explained by pre-existing factors.   Interindividual processes are social in nature, whereas intraindividual processes refer to the person.   Flow is a personal process and reflects open systemic goals (Csikszentmihalyi & Rathunde, 2003).Moreover, individuals experiencing flow are so intensely involved with a task that they may lose awareness of time and space.   They also seek a flow experience for itself rather than for anticipated rewards.   Although flow can be experienced with any activity, it is more likely to occur with activities that allow for free expression and creativity such as games, play, and art.   De Charm’s origin state shares many elements with flow.   In extreme form, individuals forsake a traditional lifestyle and most contingent material rewards to engage in activities that provide flow (de Charms, 1996).There are a number of researches on the flow theory.   These researches have proven that despite being nebulous, the flow theory makes intuitive sense.   Csikszentmihalyi (2002)  describes a research study in which the Experience Sampling Method was emplo yed.   Adults carried beepers that sounded several times a week, at which time subjects rated themselves on two dependent variables:   Affect (comprising items â€Å"happy,† â€Å"cheerful,† â€Å"sociable†) and activation (comprising â€Å"active,† â€Å"alert,† â€Å"strong†).Subjects also judged their situation for challenges present and skills available.   The amount of time individuals judged themselves to be in flow (defined as challenges and skills present and equal to one another) was related positively to affect and activation (Csikszentmihalyi,2002).Mayers (reported in Csikszentmihalyi, 2002) had high school students’ rate school subjects and activities on challenge and skill.   Favorite activities fell into the flow are (challenge= skill): TV and music listening (low on each); friends (moderate); and arts, such as drama or ballet, and sports (high on each).   Skills were judged to exceed challenges in humanities a nd social sciences, resulting in boredom.   Challenges were rated as exceeding skills in mathematics and the sciences, resulting in anxiety.Other research compared the flow experiences of three groups of adolescents.   One group attended a select public school in Italy, a second group attended a typical suburban high school near Chicago, and a third group comprised talented math students from a top Chicago public school.   Students used the Experience sampling Method.   The Italian teens reported more flow experiences than U.S. teens, especially those talented in math.   Among the U.S. teens, those attending the typical school reported the most amounts of boredom (skills exceed challenges) and anxiety (challenges exceed skills).Interestingly, the talented group scored significantly lower than the other two samples in apathy, defined as skills and challenges in sync but below average (e.g., watching TV, listening to music).   In sum, experiences are comparable for average and above average students across cultures, whereas for talented U.S. teens, flow and apathy are rarer and boredom and anxiety are common (.Csikszentmihalyi, 1995)These researches implied that motivation affects the behavior of people.   The flow theory concluded that there is a state of equilibrium between the amount of challenge in activities and an individual’s capabilities.   People feel bored when their perceived skills exceed their opportunities for using them; they become anxious when they believe that challenges exceed capabilities.   Flow can vary intensity, with the critical variable being the ratio of challenge to skill.   The portrayed relations presumably hold for peak as well as everyday experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003).Intrinsic and Extrinsic theory Deci & Ryan believes that intrinsic and extrinsic motivational forces govern behavior.   Extrinsic forces are preprogrammed biologically (e.g., food, sleep) or derive from the reward structure in whic h the individual is socialized (money, prestige).   Intrinsic forces grow out of the individual’s belief that a given outcome is worth striving for (Deci & Ryan, 2001).Deci and his colleagues (Rigby, Deci, Patrick, & Ryan, 2002) have recently conceptualized motivation along both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions.   Intrinsic motivation concerns activities that are autotelic – engaged in for their own sake – which by definition are self-determined.   Extrinsic motivation involves a progression from behaviors that originally were extrinsically motivated but became internalized and now are self-determined.   The first level includes what Deci and his colleagues call external regulation.   In their research, they cited the example that students initially may not want to work on math but do to obtain teacher rewards and avoid punishment.There is very little self-determination in this situation.   At the next level of extrinsic motivation, students may en gage in a task (e.g., study for an exam).   Deci and his colleagues call this introjected regulation because the source of motivation is internal (feelings of â€Å"should,† â€Å"ought,† guilt) to the person but not self-determined since these feelings seem to be controlling the person.   The third level is called identified regulation and here individuals engage in the activity because it is personally important to them.The example they cited is that, a student may study hours for a test in order to get good grades to be accepted into college.   This behavior represents the student’s own goal, although the goal has more utility value (Wigfield & Eccles, 2002) than intrinsic value such as learning.   The final level of extrinsic is integrated regulation, whereby individuals can integrate various internal and external sources of information into their own self-schema and engage in behavior because of its importance to their sense of self.This final level is still instrumental, rather than autotelic as in intrinsic motivation, but integrated regulation does represent a form of self- determination and autonomy.   As such, both intrinsic motivation and integrated regulation will result in more cognitive engagement and learning than external or introjected regulation (Rigby et al., 2002).Deci and his colleagues` (Rigby et al., 2002) position is thought –provoking, has generated much research, and has important implications for the field.   Many points in the self-determination model are not clearly specified, but researchers increasingly are conducting studies that are adding to the understanding of how this theory explains how behavior changes through motivation.Stress and Coping Theory Richard Lazarus` stress and coping theory was developed from his several research on stress and its effects to humans, and it emphasizes psychological variables, namely, the cognitive processes of perception and thought.   Lazarus   (197 6, 1982, 1996) argues that it is neither the process (e.g. stressor) nor the response that best defines motivation.   Rather, it is the individual’s perception and appraisal of the situation that is a significant determinant of whether or not motivation will be experienced.   He cited that an individual may enjoy public speaking, whereas another individual finds it terrifying.   According to Lazarus, events in and of themselves do not produce motivation; it is the individual’s appraisal of the event that creates the motivation (Lazarus, 2001).Lazarus` theory of motivation states that when an individual is confronted with challenge, primary appraisal occurs.   During primary appraisal the individual attempts to determine how the event will affect her or his behavior.   Some events are perceived as positive and beneficial and thus are likely to create a motivation.   However, other events are viewed negatively and thus are perceived as harmful or threatening such as stress.   This appraisal of the event also generates different coping emotions such as fear, anger, or excitement (Lazarus, 1995).The next stage, secondary appraisal, involves determining whether one’s coping capacities are sufficient to meet the demands of a potentially harmful event.   An important part of this stage is a review and analysis of the response alternatives available to the individual.   This secondary appraisal can also lead to the acquisition of new coping responses (Lazarus, 2002).Although the two models of stress and coping theory of motivation are quite different, they are not necessarily antagonistic.   It is easy to see how a biological system to cope with stress would have obvious evolutionary advantages in enhancing survival.   Yet the nature of the human cerebral cortex allows for decisional process in dealing with stress, rather than autonomic biological reactions that are characteristic of lower organisms.   A synthesis of this t heory provides for an immediate, probably nonspecific, preparation for dealing with stressors; it is followed by an intelligent appraisal of the situation that may redirect the physiological reactions and institute motivation.  Ã‚   It is because humans have behavioral options, even though they may not always make intelligent decisions in dealing with stressors (Lazarus, 2001).In conclusion, motivation is an important quality that affects all behavior because the different theories presented have proven that it can influence both learning of new behaviors and performance of previously learned behaviors.   Behavior is related in a reciprocal fashion to motivation because how one behaves can be changed through one’s subsequent task motivation.ReferencesCsikszentmihalyi, M. (2002).   Emergent motivation and the evolution of the self.   In D.A.Kleiber & M.L. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 4, pp. 93-98).   Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Csikszentmih alyi, M. (2003). Intrinsic rewards and emergent motivation.   In M.R. Lepper &D. Greene (Eds.), The hidden costs of reward:   New perspectives on the psychology of  human motivation (pp. 205-206).   Hillsdale, NY:Erlbaum.Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Rathunde, K. (2003).   The measurement of flow in everyday life:   Toward a theory of emergent motivation.   In J.E. Jacobs 9Ed.), Nebraska symposium on  Ã‚  motivation 1992 (Vol. 40, pp. 57-97).   Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005).   Toward a psychology of optimal experience.   In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology   (Vol. 3, pp. 13-16).   Beverly Hills,  CA:Sage.Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005).   Beyond boredom and anxiety.   San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.  de Charms, R. (1996).   Enhancing motivation.   New York: Irvington.   Deci, E.L. (1995). Intrinsic motivation.   New York: Plenum.  Deci, E.L. (2000). The psychology of self-determination.   Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.  Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2001).   Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human  behavior.   New York: Plenum.Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2002).   The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.   Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1027.Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (2003). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality.   In R.A. Dienstbier (Ed.) Nebraska symposium on motivation 1990(Vol. 38, pp.237-238.  Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press. Lazarus, R.S. (1996).   Psychological stress and the coping process.   New York: McGraw-Hill.  Ã‚  Lazarus, R.S. (1995).   Thoughts on the relation between emotion and cognition.   AmericanPsychologist, 37, 109-111.Lazarus, R.S. (2001).   Emotion and adaptation.   Oxford: Oxford University Press.Lazarus, R.S. (2002).   Little hassles can be hazardous to your health. Psychology Today,  pp.82-85.Pintrich, P.R. (2001).   Current issues and new directions in motivational theory and research.   Ã‚  Educational Psychologist, 26,199-201.Rigby et al., (2002).   Beyond the intrinsic –extrinsic dichotomy: Self-determination and  learning.   Motivation and Emotion, 16, 165-167.  Rigby, Deci, Patrick, & Ryan, (2002).   Beyond the intrinsic –extrinsic dichotomy: Self-determination and learning.   Motivation and Emotion, 16, 165-167.Schunk, D.H. (2003).   Goal difficulty and attainment information:   Effects on children’sAchievement behavior.   Human Learning, 2, 107-117.Weiner, B. (2005).   Human motivation.   New York: Springer-Verlag.Wigfield, A. & Eccles, J. (2002).   Expectancy-value theory of motivation: A developmental perspective.   Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49-52.

I Have a Dream Too Essay

32 years and 364 days before my birth, at Lincoln Memorial over 275,000 people gathered and listened to Dr. Martin Luther King deliver his speech â€Å"I Have a Dream.† During this time, racism was a huge issue in the United States, especially towards African Americans. Among those African Americans was Dr. Martin Luther King, a prominent civil rights activists who inspires our world till this day, especially with his speech â€Å"I Have a Dream.† He spoke about the injustices of segregation and discrimination of African Americans that was taking place in our nation. The reason for â€Å"I Have a Dream† massive impact is due to the tense social mood of the time and giving African Americans a vision for the future. Hitting home for many African American people but what made â€Å"I Have a Dream† so fascinating that even a 16 years Asian American can relate to? I believe it is King’s use of rhetoric and how he is able to appeal to his audiences’ everyday lives. King uses the structure of his rhetoric to appeal to his different audiences and supporting his ideas by using quotations and allusions, repeating key theme words and phrases, and â€Å"grounding† his arguments. The syntax of a speech can be very important, something that King utilizes really well appealing to all three types of people in his audience; the average blacks who are discriminated against, the average whites who harbor thoughts typical of that time who argue that blacks are evil and the civil rights movement is violent, and radical blacks who think the same. He first starts by making the white realize how blacks are in such a terrible positions and make them feel bad of what they have done, but at the same time hitting home in the hearts of blacks. He goes on explaining problems â€Å"One hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years..† Striking home for many African Americans but at the same time causing the whites to be uncomfortable. King then brings in issues about the Declaration of Independence by saying â€Å"This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the â€Å"unalienable Rights† of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† Then goes on saying that America has denied us of these right. His ability to appeal to his audience really amazed because when you put into perspective of how the people of the time interpreted the speech and to me the message was loud and clear; segregation must end. King also perpetrates his speech with careful thoughts and analysis, a key example of this was King’s utilization of quotations and allusions. He starts out the his speech by invoking the presence of Lincoln, not just with his location but with this â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the emancipation proclamation.† This is a strong appeal to ethos and using Lincoln’s credibility to create credibility for himself. Then he moves on to the Constitution with â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness† this is also and an appeal to ethos that relates to every American. His use of allusions and quotations didn’t just revolve around the 16th president and the constitution it also reached out in a biblical manner as well. â€Å"for my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no wa ter.â€Å" he evokes Jeremiah 2:13. Similar to this the other biblical terms enhance his credibility and builds a relationship with the common whit population that reads the bible. As for me the text was not as powerful but when King delivered the line â€Å"No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until â€Å"justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.† the idea of freedom in my mind became privilege and made me cherish it much more. King like many other juniors in the 21st century learned a rhetorical device known as anaphora, a skill that only King can make history with. King uses this device 8 times throughout his speech but the most memorable of all is near the end of the speech where he starts with â€Å"I Have a Dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The line that will stick with generations to come and may have been the reason why Dr. King was assassinated. Though we can grieve over Dr. King’s death but I would rather take the time and analyze why his use of anaphora was so powerful. I believe the lines he used in the formation of his anaphora: â€Å"One hundred years later†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"Now is the tim e†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"We must†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"We can never be satisfied†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"I Have a Dream†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"With this faith, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and â€Å"Let freedom ring (from) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , can tell us much of King’s stories and the emphasis through repetition makes these phrases more memorable, and, by extension, make King’s story more memorable. What King also did was the repetition of â€Å"theme† words such as freedom (repeated 20 times), nation (10 times), and America (9 times). This style of writing will be one of the many lessons I will be taking away from this speech. The last I think the most important rhetorical device that King used was his ability to â€Å"ground his arguments. King accomplished this by making numerous geographic references throughout the speech. Including Mississippi, New York, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, Colorado, California, and Tennessee. King uses Mississippi in many occasions to evoke emotions in the blacks because African Americans in Mississippi where treated the worse among all the states and I believe the best line king used was this â€Å"We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.† Encouraging and informing all American citizens of the predicament tha t is occurring in the great nation of America. This created reliability among the people and connected them even more. Although racism isn’t as large an issue today Dr. King’s speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† managed to inspire a generation of blacks to never give up and made thousands of white Americans bitterly ashamed of their actions, forging a new start for society. Even now, it continues to make generations of people, not just Americans, to give up their racist beliefs and advocate social colorblindness. King’s speech not only had amazing content, but the structure and king’s effective uses of quotations and allusions, use of repeating key theme words and phrases, and â€Å"grounding† his arguments. Taught me a very valuable lesson in both rhetoric and life. Thus from now on I have a dream as well. it is to develop myself and my rhetoric device using.

Political Science- Democratic Theory of Peace

Political Science- Democratic Theory of Peace PAGE The Theory of Democratic PeaceThe theory of democratic peace argues that nation-states governed by democratic regimes do not tend to have conflicts with other democratic countries. This theory suggests that democracies never or rarely go to war with each other. Political scientists debate this theory and express opposing viewpoints to the question: do democracies fight each other?Among the proponents of the theory, several explanations have been offered for it: First, democracies are said to view non-democracies as threatening making it more likely to go to war with them; unlike a fellow democratic nation where a conflict would be solved peacefully. War is often considered to be inconsistent with democratic values. Democracies do not fight one another because it is morally and ethically the wrong thing to do. Second, democratic leaders must answer to its voters. This policy gives leaders an incentive to seek peaceful resolutions. Third, democratic nation-states are often more we ll off or wealthier than non-democratic nations.Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/...Wealthier nations tend to avoid war because there is more to lose. And fourth, democracies trade heavily with each other making the will to go to war less likely. There would be no real gain for either nation. Also, in their foreign relations, nations will try to follow the same norms of conflict that characterize their domestic political processes. They expect the other side to resolve disputes through compromise and nonviolence.Thomas Paine appears to be the first person to describe the theory of democratic peace in Common Sense, written in 1776. Paine re. According to Paine Kings would declare war to in an effort to command respect and republics would not. In 1795, Immanuel Kant suggested the theory of democratic peace in his essay, Perceptual Peace. Kant believed that republics lack aggressors and that governments...

Biography of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico

Biography of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico Maximilian I  (July 6, 1832–June 19, 1867) was a European nobleman invited to Mexico in the aftermath of the disastrous wars and conflicts of the mid-19th century. It was thought that the establishment of a monarchy, with a leader possessing a tried-and-true European bloodline, could bring some much-needed stability to the strife-torn nation. Maximilian arrived in 1864 and was accepted by the people as Emperor of Mexico. His rule did not last very long, however, as liberal forces under the command of Benito Juarez destabilized Maximilian’s rule. Captured by Juarez’ men, he was executed in 1867. Fast Facts: Maximilian I Known For: Emperor of MexicoAlso Known As: Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph Maria, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph von Hapsburg-LorraineBorn: July 6, 1832 in Vienna,  AustriaParents: Archduke Franz Karl of Austria, Princess Sophie of BavariaDied: June 19, 1867 in Santiago de Querà ©taro, MexicoSpouse: Charlotte of BelgiumNotable Quote: Oh, God, I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams. Early Years Maximilian of Austria was born in Vienna on July 6, 1832, the grandson of Francis II, Emperor of Austria. Maximilian and his elder brother Franz Joseph grew up as proper young princes: a classical education, riding, travel. Maximilian distinguished himself as a bright, inquisitive young man, and a good rider, but he was sickly and often unwell. Aimless Years In 1848, a series of events in Austria conspired to place Maximilian’s elder brother Franz Joseph on the throne at the young age of 18. Maximilian spent a lot of time away from court, mostly on Austrian naval vessels. He had money but no responsibilities, so he traveled a great deal, including a visit to Spain, and had affairs with actresses and dancers. He fell in love twice, once to a German countess who was deemed beneath him by his family, and a second time to a Portuguese noblewoman who was also a distant relation. Although Marà ­a Amalia of Braganza was considered acceptable, she died before they could become engaged. Admiral and Viceroy In 1855, Maximilian was named rear-admiral of the Austrian navy. In spite of his inexperience, he won over the career naval officers with open-mindedness, honesty, and zeal for the job. By 1857, he had modernized and improved the navy greatly and had founded a hydrographical institute. He was appointed viceroy of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, where he lived with his new wife, Charlotte of Belgium. In 1859, he was dismissed from his post by his brother, and the young couple went to live in their castle near Trieste. Overtures from Mexico Maximilian was first approached in 1859 with an offer to be made Emperor of Mexico: He initially refused, preferring to travel some more, including a botanical mission to Brazil. Mexico was still in shambles from the Reform War and had defaulted on its international debts. In 1862, France invaded Mexico, seeking payment for these debts. By 1863, French forces were firmly in command of Mexico and Maximilian was approached again. This time he accepted. Emperor Maximilian and Charlotte arrived in Mexico in May 1864 and set up their official residence at Chapultepec Castle. Maximilian inherited a very unstable nation. The conflict between conservatives and liberals, which had caused the Reform War, still simmered and Maximilian was unable to unite the two factions. He angered his conservative supporters by adopting some liberal reforms, and his overtures to liberal leaders were spurned. Benito Juarez and his liberal followers grew in strength, and there was little Maximilian could do about it. Downfall When France withdrew its forces back to Europe, Maximilian was on his own. His position grew ever more precarious, and Charlotte returned to Europe to ask (in vain) for aid from France, Austria, and Rome. Charlotte never returned to Mexico: Driven mad by the loss of her husband, she spent the rest of her life in seclusion before passing away in 1927. By 1866, the writing was on the wall for Maximilian: His armies were in disarray and he had no allies. He stuck it out nevertheless, apparently due to a genuine desire to be a good ruler of his new nation. Death and Repatriation Mexico City fell to liberal forces in early 1867, and Maximilian retreated to Querà ©taro, where he and his men withstood a siege for several weeks before surrendering. Captured, Maximilian was executed along with two of his generals on June 19, 1867. He was 34 years old. His body was returned to Austria the next year, where it currently resides in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna. Legacy Today Maximilian is considered somewhat of a quixotic figure by Mexicans. He had no business being Emperor of Mexico- he apparently didn’t even speak Spanish- but he put forth a solid effort to rule the country, and most modern Mexicans today think of him not as a hero or villain so much as a man who tried to unite a country that did not want to be united. The most lasting effect of his brief rule is Avenida Reforma, an important street in Mexico City that he had ordered built. Sources MadMonarchist. â€Å"Monarch Profile: Emperor Maximilian of Mexico.†Ã‚  The Mad Monarchist, 1 Jan. 1970.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Maximilian.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 8 Feb. 2019.â€Å"MAXIMILIAN I, Emperor of Mexico.†Ã‚  MexicoOnline.com.

Internatoinal trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internatoinal trade - Essay Example Statistics shows that the world output rose from 16% to 22% between 1980 and 2007 (Zymek 2010: p. 2). During this period, the word’s GDP increased significantly. There are various reasons for the growth in the world’s trade during this period. Many people have argued that the removal of the trade barriers is one of the major factors which have contributed to the growth of international trade. Trade barriers are the impediments to free trade. Impositions of trade barriers discourage international trade. One of the main international trade barriers are tariffs. Over this period, the average tariff rates among the most powerful economies reduced significantly. Zymek (2010) argues that the recent growth in international trade resulted from the fact that many open economies had become less homogenous with time. The classical trade theory proposes that the differences in the relative factor endowments encourage specialization in the international goods market. This realizatio n has significantly led to an increase in the level of interdependence among different economies. Consequently, this has led to an increase in the level of interdependence among these countries. The more the countries become specialized, the higher the level of goods they produce. This contributes to the growth of the international trade. ... quantitative restrictions) as a method of controlling imports Differences between tariffs and quota In various economies, there are many ways through which the government can protect the domestic competing industries. That is, through a quota or a tariff. One of the main areas where these policies differ is on the magnitude of protection of each. Quotas provide more protection to the domestic industries due to the fact that they limit the quantities of particular product which is allowed to enter into the country (Suranovic, not dated: par 3). On the other hand, tariffs protect the domestic industries by just raising the level of prices. Importance of tariffs over quotas (quantitative restrictions) In most cases, tariffs are preferred to quotas. There are several reasons why many governments prefer tariff to quotas. To start with, a tariff generates revenue to the government (Suranovic, not dated: par3). This is more so when the tariff is unprohibitive in nature. Once imposed, tariff will automatically generate revenue for the government. On the other hand, quotas may not generate revenue to the government. However, this will depend on the manner in which the quota is administered. Quotas administered on the first come served basis will rarely generate revenue for the government. On the other hand, a quota administered by selling of tickets will generate some income for the government (Suranovic, not dated: par 4). The administrative costs between these two forms of trade control differ significantly. Some of the processes involved in tariff collection involves the identification of the product which is then followed by collection and processing of the fees. On the other hand, the trade control through quotas

Five Years from the Brink (movie) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Five Years from the Brink ( ) - Movie Review Example However, the immediate cause that triggers the crisis was the fall of Lehman Brothers. Their collapse caused much fear to the global financial markets. This was in 2008 of which their fall prompted banks to stop lending to each other. The impact was the rising interbank borrowing risk premium to 5% which was previously at 0%. Despite the effort to inject liquidity to the financial markets by the authorities, the financial markets were already suffering the consequences (McKibbin and Stoeckel 1). Conversely, article by Positive Money claims that financial and economic crisis are attributed to the large sum of money created by banks through loans. The banks doubled the money and debt in the economy in a period of 7 years. The larger sum of money created by the banks was used to increase the cost of property in the economy, house prices increase significantly. A huge amount of money loaned to the property owners by the banks increased the cost of houses and personal debt. Additionally, the property owners had to pay interest on loans provided by the banks. However, the increasing debts and low income led to the failure of loan repayment. Some individuals could not afford to pay back the loans and so the banks become bankrupt. Immediately after the crisis, financial institutions reduced their lending rates to household and the businesses. The reduction of lending rates by the banks to businesses caused a drop in prices. This prompted the property owners who had previously borro wed a large sum of money to sell their property. Those who had borrowed a large amount of money thought that they could easily repay their loan because of favorable prices of their property. The sale of the assets by the property owners led to fall of house prices and so the bubble burst. Hank stated that the improved value of the derivatives, hidden banking structure, and the off- balance sheet financing encouraged exceptional business transactions and therefore contributed and